The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles |
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Authors: | Richard D Handy Frank von der Kammer Jamie R Lead Martin Hassellöv Richard Owen Mark Crane |
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Institution: | School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK. rhandy@plymouth.ac.uk |
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Abstract: | The emerging literature on the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles and nanomaterials is summarised, then the fundamental physico-chemistry
that governs particle behaviour is explained in an ecotoxicological context. Techniques for measuring nanoparticles in various
biological and chemical matrices are also outlined. The emerging ecotoxicological literature shows toxic effects on fish and
invertebrates, often at low mg l−1 concentrations of nanoparticles. However, data on bacteria, plants, and terrestrial species are particularly lacking at present.
Initial data suggest that at least some manufactured nanoparticles may interact with other contaminants, influencing their
ecotoxicity. Particle behaviour is influenced by particle size, shape, surface charge, and the presence of other materials
in the environment. Nanoparticles tend to aggregate in hard water and seawater, and are greatly influenced by the specific
type of organic matter or other natural particles (colloids) present in freshwater. The state of dispersion will alter ecotoxicity,
but many abiotic factors that influence this, such as pH, salinity, and the presence of organic matter remain to be systematically
investigated as part of ecotoxicological studies. Concentrations of manufactured nanoparticles have rarely been measured in
the environment to date. Various techniques are available to characterise nanoparticles for exposure and dosimetry, although
each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages for the ecotoxicologist. We conclude with a consideration of implications
for environmental risk assessment of manufactured nanoparticles. |
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Keywords: | Nanoparticles Nanomaterials Ecotoxicity Physico-chemical Dispersion Aggregation Risk assessment |
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