Urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer: a review |
| |
Authors: | Daphne Hessels Jack A Schalken |
| |
Affiliation: | 1.NovioGendix BV, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands;2.Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands |
| |
Abstract: | Although the routine use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has undoubtedly increased prostate cancer (PCa) detection, one of its main drawbacks is its lack of specificity. As a consequence, many men undergo unnecessary biopsies or treatments for indolent tumours. PCa-specific markers are needed for the early detection of the disease and the prediction of aggressiveness of a prostate tumour. Since PCa is a heterogeneous disease, a panel of tumour markers is fundamental for a more precise diagnosis. Several biomarkers are promising due to their specificity for the disease in tissue. However, tissue is unsuitable as a possible screening tool. Since urine can be easily obtained in a non-invasive manner, it is a promising substrate for biomarker testing. This article reviews the biomarkers for the non-invasive testing of PCa in urine. |
| |
Keywords: | biomarkers diagnosis prostate cancer (PCa) urinary biomarkers urine |
|
|