Nitric oxide increases glucose uptake through a mechanism that is distinct from the insulin and contraction pathways in rat skeletal muscle

Insulin, contraction, and the nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), all increase glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Some reports suggest that NO is a critical mediator of insulin- and/or contraction-stimulated transport. To determine if the mechanism leading to NO-stimulated glucose uptake is similar to the insulin- or contraction-dependent signaling pathways, isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from rats were treated with various combinations of SNP (maximum 10 mmol/l), insulin (maximum 50 mU/ml), electrical stimulation to produce contractions (maximum 10 min), wortmannin (100 nmol/l), and/or the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (0.1 mmol/l). The combinations of SNP plus insulin and SNP plus contraction both had fully additive effects on 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Wortmannin completely inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose transport and only slightly inhibited SNP-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, whereas L-NMMA did not inhibit contraction-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake. SNP significantly increased the activity of the alpha1 catalytic subunit of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a signaling molecule that has been implicated in mediating glucose transport in fuel-depleted cells. Addition of the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (1 mg/ml) to the drinking water of rats for 2 days failed to affect the increase in muscle 2-deoxyglucose uptake in response to treadmill exercise. These data suggest that NO stimulates glucose uptake through a mechanism that is distinct from both the insulin and contraction signaling pathways.