Calcium ion channels in cardiac cell membranes

Understanding of the electrophysiological properties of the calcium channel in cardiac cell membranes has been hampered because of the difficulties in interpreting voltage-clamp data. Recently, new techniques for isolation of adult heart cells, internal dialyzation of the cell and analysis of the single ion channel current have been established. Some of the previous results and concepts obtained in intact cardiac tissues have been confirmed and new understanding of the nature of the calcium channels has been gained by the techniques. In this article, the author reviews the electrophysiological and electropharmacological properties of the calcium ion channels in cardiac cell membranes. Especially, emphasis is placed on new information gleaned from the new techniques.