Transcranial Doppler during neurocardiogenic syncope

The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in cerebral circulation during neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS). Twenty patients with a history of unexplained syncopes were studied over a 45 min period in a tilted position. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded non-invasively using Finapres. Cerebral blood flow velocity of both middle cerebral arteries was measured with transcranial Doppler (TCD). Ten patients (50%) developed a NCS during the tilt test, with a strong reduction in blood pressure (mean, 48/34 mmHg) and heart rate (mean, 54 beats/min). Simultaneously, diastolic blood flow velocities dropped to values close to zero. However, systolic blood flow velocities did not decrease. In consequence, the pulsatility index (PI) increased considerably from 0.93 to 2.01. The increase in PI suggests that there is a constriction of cerebral resistance vessels during NCS. Despite the drop in blood pressure and the putative increase in cerebrovascular resistance, systolic blood flow velocities remained unchanged in the TCD records. This fact can be explained by a lumen narrowing of the middle cerebral artery at the site of insonation. In conclusion, the typical changes in cerebral blood flow velocity during NCS are probably due to a strong constriction of both the proximal and the peripheral segments of cerebral arteries. It is clear that, in addition to vasodepression and cardiac inhibition, cerebral vasoconstriction is a further mechanism in the pathogenesis of a NCS.