Effect of silica fume addition on the PGNAA measurement of chlorine in concrete |
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| Authors: | A.A. Naqvi M. Maslehuddin M.A. Garwan M.M. Nagadi O.S.B. Al-Amoudi M. Raashid |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;2. Center for Engineering Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;1. Lund University, Division of Building Materials, John Erikssons väg 1, SE-223 63, Lund, Sweden;2. Vattenfall AB, Laboratorievägen 1, SE-814 26, Älvkarleby, Sweden;3. Sweco Energuide AB, Gjörwellsgatan 22, SE-100 26, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia;2. Center for Engineering Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia;1. Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China;2. School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;3. Centre for Composite Material and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E N. 19A-40, Edificio ML, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia;2. LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes-Ecole Centrale Nantes, Institute for Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (GeM)/Sea and Littoral Research Institute, CNRS UMR 6183/FR 3473, 2 rue de la Houssiniére, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France;3. CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E N. 19A-40, Edificio ML, Piso 7, Bogotá, Colombia |
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| Abstract: | Pozzolanic materials, such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and blast furnace slag (BFS) are added to Portland cement in concrete to prevent reinforcement steel corrosion in concrete. Further preventive measure against reinforcement steel corrosion require monitoring of chloride salts concentration in concrete using non-destructive techniques, such as the prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) technique. Due to interferences between gamma-rays from chlorine and calcium in PGNAA technique, detection limit of chlorine in concrete strongly depends upon calcium concentration in concrete. SF mainly contains silica and its addition to cement concrete reduces overall concentration of calcium in concrete. This may result in an improvement in detection limit of chlorine in SF-based concrete in PGNAA studies. Particularly for chlorine detection using 6.11 and 6.62 MeV prompt gamma-rays that strongly interfere with 6.42 MeV prompt gamma-rays from calcium.In this study, SF was added to Portland cement to prevent concrete reinforcement steel from corrosion. The chlorine concentration in SF cement concrete specimens containing 0.2–3.0 wt% chlorine was measured through yield of 1.16, 1.95, 6.11, 6.62, 7.41, 7.79, and 8.58 MeV chlorine gamma-rays using PGNAA technique. An excellent agreement was noted between the experimental yield of the prompt gamma-rays and the gamma-ray yield calculated through the Monte Carlo simulations. Further the minimum detectable concentration (MDC) of chlorine in SF cement concrete was calculated and compared with the MDC values of chlorine in plain concrete and concrete mixed with fly ash cement. The MDC of chlorine in SF-based concrete through 6.11 MeV, and 6.62 MeV chlorine gamma-rays was found to be improved as compared to those in plain concrete and concrete mixed with fly ash cement. |
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