Modulation of growth and differentiation of human colon carcinoma cells by histone deacetylase inhibitory trichostatins

Histone deacetylase inhibitors such as sodium butyrate or (R)-trichostatin A {(R)-TSA; 7- [4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]-N-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-2, 4-heptadienamide} have been reported to modulate the proliferation and differentiation of certain cell types. In this study, we analyzed the effects of these agents on KM12 human colon carcinoma (HCC) cells in culture. We found that (R)-TSA induced cell flattening, inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth, increased the level of the differentiation marker carcinoembryonic antigen, and increased the expression of gelsolin, a candidate tumor suppressor, in these HCC cells. Cells treated with (R)-TSA for 3 h exhibited a high degree of histone (primarily H4) acetylation. (R)-TSA exerted these effects at concentrations in the range between 0.1 to 1 mu M that are at least 1,000 times lower than those required to achieve similar effects by n-butyrate. Trichostatin C, which exhibits some histone deacetylase inhibitory activity but not the analogs (S)-TSA or (R)- or (S)-trichostatic acid, which lack histone deacetylase inhibitory activity, also showed some growth inhibitory activity. These results indicate that histone deacetylase inhibitors may lead to suppression of the transformed phenotype and enhanced differentiation in the KM12 HCC cells.