Acute toxicity studies of Croton membranaceus root extract |
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Authors: | Asare George A Sittie A Bugyei K Gyan Ben A Adjei Samuel Addo Phyllis Wiredu Edwin K Nyarko Alex K Otu-Nyarko Lydia S Adjei David Nana |
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Affiliation: | a University of Ghana School of Allied Health Sciences (SAHS), Korle Bu, Ghana b Centre for Scientific Research in Plant Medicine Medicinal (CSRPM), Mampong, Akwapim, Ghana c Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana d Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), Legon, Ghana e Departmenyt of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Ghana |
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Abstract: | Aim of the studyCroton membranaceus root and leaf extracts are used in the Bahamas to aromatize tobacco, in Nigeria to improve digestion, and in Ghana, for benign prostate hyperplasia. Despite claims of success there is paucity of information on its toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine if Croton membranaceus has acute toxicity properties.Materials and methodsRoots were air-dried in a solar dryer for one week before milling. The powder was extracted with 96% ethanol, freeze-dried and re-extracted with distilled water and freeze-dried. 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-200 g) were divided equally into 2 treatment groups [low dose (LD) and high dose (HD)], plus a control group (C). LD and HD received 1500 and 3000 mg/kg b.wt. Croton membranaceus aqueous extract, respectively, one time and observed for 14 days. Haematological [Full Blood Count and haemoglobin (Hb)], biochemical [bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatise (ALP), γ-glutamyltranspetidase (GGT), urea, creatinine, creatinine kinase - Muscle and Brain (CK-MB), creatinine kinase - Total (CK-R)] examinations were performed.ResultsControl group's CK-MB (5444 ± 534 U/L) and LD group CK-MB (4014 ± 1016 U/L) were significantly different (p < 0.05). Control and the HD group CK-MB (3955 ± 1135 U/L) were significantly different (p < 0.05). Both LD and HD CK-R levels (697 ± 197 U/L and 732 ± 203 U/L, respectively), were lower than the control (1139 ± 220 U/L) at 48 h and 14 days (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). γ-GT levels of the HD group was 4.8 ± 0.4 U/L compared to the Control group value of 0.9 ± 0.2 U/L (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTaking all factors into consideration, Croton membranaceus ingestion does not produce general acute toxicity. However, its creatinine kinase lowering ability could be explored. |
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Keywords: | ALT, alanine amino transferase AST, aspartate amino transferase AIN-93G, American Institute of Nutrition ALB, albumin ALP, alkaline phosphatise ANOVA, analysis of variance C, control cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid CK-MB, creatine kinase-muscle/brain CK-R, creatine kinase-total CSRPM, Center for Scientific Research in Plant Medicine EDTA-2K, ethylenediamine-N,N,N&prime ,N&prime -tetraacetic acid, dipotassium GAFCO, Ghana Agriculture Food Company γ-GT, γ-glutamyltranspetidase HCT, haematocrit HD, high dose HGB, haemoglobin LD, low dose LD50, lethal dose LDH, lactate dehydrogenase LYM %, lymphocytes percentage LYM, lymphocyte count MCH, mean corpuscular haemoglobin MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration MCV, mean corpuscular volume MPV, mean platelet volume PDW, platelet distribution width P-LCR, platelet larger cell ratio PLT, platelet RBC, red blood cells RDW-CV, coefficient of variation in red cell distribution width RDW-SD, standard deviation in red cell distribution width S-D, Sprague-Dawley TP, total protein WBC, white blood cells |
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