Prenatal exposure to sodium phenytoin in rats induces complex maze learning deficits comparable to those induced by exposure to phenytoin acid at half the dose

Gravid Sprague-Dawley CD (VAF) rats were administered sodium phenytoin suspended in corn oil by gavage once per day on embryonic days 7–18 at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Controls were administered corn oil alone by gavage on E7-18. Litters were randomly culled to 10. Offspring were regularly weighed, mortality noted, and males checked for preputial separation. At approximately 50 days of age offspring were evaluated in a straight water-filled channel for swimming proficiency and motivation to escape. Following this, rats were tested in the Cincinnati multiple T-water maze and scored for errors, latency to find the goal, and presence of phenytoin-induced abnormal circling behavior while swimming. Sodium phenytoin-exposed dams gained weight normally and delivered normally. Offspring mortality in the sodium phenytoin group was not increased above controls. No treatment effects on preputial separation or offspring growth were observed. No differences between groups in swimming proficiency in straight channel performance were obtained. In the Cincinnati maze, phenytoin offspring committed significantly more errors and had longer latencies to find the goal than controls. Among the phenytoin offspring, those exhibiting abnormal circling committed more errors than noncircling animals. When compared to previous data using the same maze and test protocol, it was found that 100 mg/kg of sodium phenytoin induced performance deficits similar to those induced by a dose of 200 mg/kg of phenytoin acid. Accordingly, the present data help explain why other investigators have reported sodium phenytoin to be more developmentally neurotoxic than phenytoin acid. Because the prenatal neurotoxic effects seen with the salt of phenytoin occur at lower doses, it suggests that phenytoin is more developmentally neurotoxic than previously believed.