Expression of TGF-beta in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium: oral administration leads to the reduction of inflammation, IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but enhancement of IL-10, in carrageenin-induced oedema in mice.

Chlamydiae are a major cause of infertility and preventable blindness and there is currently no effective vaccine in humans or rodents against these organisms. We have previously shown that a peptide of 12 amino acids (termed TINKP) from a conserved region of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is a primary T-cell epitope in humans. Here we showed that when dendritic cells (DC) from C3H or BALB/c mice were pulsed in vitro with the peptide they stimulated proliferation of syngeneic T cells in vitro indicating that the peptide is also a primary T-cell epitope in mice. Since the skin is a rich source of DC, we immunized mice from each strain with an intradermal injection of the peptide. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to peptide, MOMP or whole elementary bodies (EB) of C. trachomatis (F/NI1/GU) were assessed. No antibody response to TINKP was observed. However, immunized mice showed recall responses to all three chlamydial antigens. T-cell-mediated immunity in the absence of antibody was induced by a single injection of the peptide intradermally. C. trachomatis isolated from the human genital tract causes salpingitis in mice. Preliminary studies in susceptible C3H mice indicated that intradermal injection of peptide conferred some protection against the development of salpingitis. Thus, a primary T-cell epitope identified by in vitro stimulation using DC can also initiate cell-mediated immunity in vivo and this approach may be useful in the development of vaccines.