纤毛在心脏发育和先天性心脏病中的作用及机制

纤毛是细胞表面的突起状细胞结构,几乎存在于每一类细胞。根据微管蛋白的组成结构及数量的不同,可以将纤毛分为运动纤毛和感觉纤毛两类,其中感觉纤毛又称非运动纤毛和初级纤毛。纤毛与内脏器官的发育及许多人体生理活动密切相关,已有研究证明,纤毛参与调控心脏左右房室结构的形成过程,并最终使心脏发育为不完全对称的左右房室腔。而先天性心脏疾病(CHD)是一类以心腔与流出道空间结构发育异常为特征的疾病,因此,纤毛在CHD的发病机制中起重要作用。心脏左右不对称结构的形成、细胞的极性及迁移均受纤毛调控,并主要通过纤毛转导信号通路来实现,明确纤毛转导信号通路对心脏发育的调控机制,可以为CHD的临床治疗提供新靶点和新思路,同时为CHD的产前筛查提供新的检测基因。本文总结了纤毛在心脏发育及CHD中作用及机制的最新研究进展。

Roles of Cilia in Heart Development and Congenital Heart Disease

Cilia are protruding cell structures on the cell surface and are found in almost every type of cell.According to the different structures and quantity of tubulins,cilia can be divided into two categories:motor cilia and sensory cilia.Sensory cilia are also called non-motor cilia and primary cilia,due to the composition and number of tubulins.They are closely related to the development of internal organs and many human physiological activities.Recent studies have demonstrated that cilia are involved in regulating the formation of left and right symmetry of the heart structure,and eventually the heart develops into the left-right asymmetry structures.Since congenital heart diseases(CHD)are characterized by abnormalities in the spatial structure of the heart chamber and outflow tract,cilia may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CHD.Cilia,mainly through ciliary transduction signal pathways,regulate both the formation of left and right asymmetrical structures and the polarity and the migration of cells.Therefore,a clear understanding of the regulation mechanism of ciliary signaling pathway on heart development can provide new therapeutic targets and new ideas for the clinical treatment of CHD and may offer new target genes for prenatal screening of CHD.This article summarizes recent advances in the role of cilia in heart development and CHD pathogenesis and its mechanisms.