妊娠糖尿病孕妇孕中期口服葡萄糖耐量试验异常项数及孕期增重与不良妊娠结局的关系

目的：探讨妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者孕中期75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）血糖指标异常项数及孕期增重对妊娠结局的影响。方法：纳入2017年7月1日至2018年6月30日在浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院定期进行产前检查并分娩的2611例GDM孕妇，根据孕中期OGTT血糖异常项数和孕期体重增长情况进行分组，分析各组的不良妊娠结局及其交互作用。结果：OGTT血糖三项均异常的孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病、早产、巨大胎儿和大于胎龄儿（LGA）的发生率高于一项和二项指标异常的孕妇（均P<0.017）；血糖二项指标异常的孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病和早产发生率也高于一项指标异常的孕妇（均P<0.017）。孕期增重过多孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大胎儿发生率高于增重不足和增重适宜孕妇，LGA发生率高于增重不足孕妇（均P<0.017）；增重适宜孕妇早产和低体重儿发生率低于增重不足和增重过多孕妇，小于胎龄儿（SGA）发生率低于增重不足孕妇（均P<0.017）。在OGTT血糖一项指标异常的孕妇中，孕期增重不足是发生早产、SGA的危险因素（aOR=1.66，95%CI：1.10～2.52；aOR=2.20，95%CI：1.07～4.53），是LGA的保护因素（aOR=0.40，95%CI：0.27～0.50）；孕期增重过多则是妊娠期高血压疾病、早产、低体重儿的危险因素（aOR=2.15，95%CI：1.35～3.41；aOR=1.80，95%CI：1.20～2.72；aOR=2.18，95%CI：1.10～4.30）。在OGTT血糖二项指标异常的孕妇中，孕期增重不足是巨大胎儿和LGA的保护因素（aOR=0.24，95%CI：0.09～0.67；aOR=0.54，95%CI：0.34～0.86），孕期增重过多则是早产的危险因素（aOR=1.98，95%CI：1.23~3.18）。而在OGTT血糖三项指标异常的孕妇中，孕期增重与不良妊娠结局的发生无明显关联。结论：在GDM孕期管理中，对于OGTT一项或两项血糖升高者，孕期体重合理管理可降低部分不良妊娠结局的发生风险；三项血糖均升高者，除了孕期体重管理，需更严格的血糖监测并进行药物降糖等积极干预措施。

Relationship of abnormal mid-term oral glucose tolerance test and maternal weight gain with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: To explore the correlation of mid-term oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and maternal weight gain with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A total of 2611 pregnant women with GDM who were examined and delivered in Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from July 1st 2017 to 30th June 2018 were enrolled in this study. According to the number of abnormal items of mid-term OGTT results or maternal gestational weight gain (GWG), patients were classified. The incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes in each group and its relation with OGTT results and GWG were analyzed. Results: The incidence of gestational hypertension, premature delivery, macrosomia and large for gestational age infant (LGA) in three abnormal items GDM patients were significantly higher than those in one or two abnormal items GDM patients (all P<0.017). The incidence of gestational hypertension and premature delivery in two abnormal items GDM patients were higher than those in one abnormal item GDM patients (allP<0.017). The incidence of gestational hypertension and macrosomia in excessive GWG patients were significantly higher than those in inadequate and appropriate GWG patients (allP<0.017), and the incidence of LGA were higher than that in inadequate GWG patients (allP<0.017). The incidence of premature delivery and low birth weight infants in appropriate GWG patients were significantly lower than those in inadequate and excessive GWG patients, and the incidence of small for gestational age infant (SGA) were significantly lower than that in inadequate GWG patients (allP<0.017). In one abnormal item GDM patients, inadequate GWG was a risk factor for premature delivery and SGA (aOR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.10–2.52; aOR=2.20, 95%CI: 1.07–4.53), and protective factor for LGA (aOR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.27–0.59). And excessive GWG was a risk factor for gestational hypertension, premature delivery and low birth weight infants (aOR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.35–3.41; aOR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.20–2.72; aOR=2.18, 95%CI: 1.10–4.30).In two abnormal items GDM patients, inadequate GWG was a protective factor for macrosomia and LGA (aOR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.09–0.67; aOR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.34–0.86), while excessive GWG was risk factor for premature delivery (aOR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.23–3.18).In three abnormal items GDM patients, there was no significant relationship between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: For GDM women with one or two items of elevated blood glucose in OGTT, reasonable weight management during pregnancy can reduce the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. For those with three items of elevated blood glucose in OGTT, more strict blood glucose monitoring and active intervention measures should be taken in addition to weight management during pregnancy.