上海市普陀区二至四年级小学生膳食与营养状况调查

目的了解小学生膳食营养状况及存在问题,为探索适合小学生的营养干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,选取上海市普陀区2所公办学校二至四年级884名学生为研究对象,采用3天24小时回顾法进行膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南2016》和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》进行评价。结果普陀区小学生膳食中蔬菜类、水果类、奶类和豆类摄入量存在不同程度摄入不足,摄入量低于膳食指南最低推荐量的小学生比例分别为91.0%、77.8%、83.1%和67.8%;而畜禽肉水产类食物的摄入过多,摄入量超过推荐量的学生比例为99.0%;男生早餐的能量摄入量为(523.2±241.1)k cal,高于女生的(468.7±196.1)k cal,(t=2.169,P=0.031);膳食营养素中能量摄入超过推荐量的小学生比例为31.4%;钙的摄入低于推荐量的小学生比例为86.8%。蛋白质(20.2%)和脂肪(35.2%)的供能比均高于膳食指南推荐量,而碳水化合物的供能比(44.6%)低于推荐量。结论上海市普陀区小学生膳食结构中,营养素摄入不均衡,应开展有针对性的营养干预,指导学生均衡饮食。

Investigation on dietary and nutritional status of primary school students in Putuo District,Shanghai

Objective To understand the dietary and nutritional status and existing problems of primary school students, so as to provide the theoretical basis for exploring nutritional interventions suitable for them. Methods By using the random cluster sampling method, 884 students from grade two to grade four of two public schools in Putuo District of Shanghai were selected as the research objects, and a dietary survey was conducted by a 3-day 24-hour retrospective method. Their nutritional status was evaluated in accordance with Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2016) and Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents 2013). Results The intakes of vegetables, fruits, milk and beans of the primary school students in Putuo District were insufficient to varying degrees, and the proportions of pupils whose intakes were lower than the minimum recommended amount in the dietary guidelines were 91.0%, 77.8%, 83.1% and 67.8% respectively, but 99.0% of the students took more than the recommended amount of livestock, poultry, meat and aquatic food. The breakfast energy intake of boys was (523.2±241.1) kcal, which was higher than that of girls (468.7±196.1) kcal, (t=2.169, P=0.031). The proportion of primary school students who had more energy intake than recommended quantity was 31.4%; the proportion of primary school students who had calcium intake lower than the recommended amount was 86.8%. The energy supply ratio of protein (20.2%) and fat (35.2%) were higher than the recommended amounts, while the energy supply ratio of carbohydrate (44.6%) was lower than the recommended amount. Conclusion The dietary structure of primary school students needs further improvement, and the nutrient intake is not balanced. The targeted nutrition intervention should be carried out to guide students to a balanced diet.