Assembly with copper(ii) ions and D–π–A molecules on a graphene surface for ultra-fast acetic acid sensing at room temperature

In this study, a graphene-based composite 4HQ-rGO/Cu²⁺ was prepared via the supramolecular assembly of graphene nanosheets with 4-hydroxyquinoline (4HQ) and copper(ii) ions. The as-prepared supramolecular assembly exhibited an excellent and enhanced sensing performance towards acetic acid at room-temperature, which was due to the fact that the D–π–A molecules, i.e. 4HQ, were able to accelerate the charge transfer between the graphene nanosheets and 4HQ molecules when acetic acid was attached. In addition, at room temperature, the copper(ii) ions also played a critical role as the main active site for gas adsorption, and thus the as-fabricated sensor exhibited a high response, outstanding selectivity, and ultra-fast response/recovery time. To examine the selectivity of the Cu²⁺ ions for the supramolecular assembly, various other transition metal ions such as Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ were attached to the 4HQ-rGO assembly, and their acetic sensing performance was determined. Interestingly, the supramolecular assembly with the Cu²⁺ ions (4HQ-rGO/Cu²⁺) exhibited the best sensing performance compared to other metal ion-based 4HQ-rGO materials. Compared with the typical acetic acid gas sensors reported in the literature, it is noteworthy to mention that the as-prepared 4HQ-rGO/Cu²⁺ supramolecular assembly exhibited the shortest gas response time (within 5 s) at room temperature. The presented study demonstrates that the as-prepared supramolecular assembly is a promising material as a room temperature acetic acid gas sensor in practical applications.

The as-prepared 4HQ-rGO/Cu²⁺ sensor possessed a high response, outstanding selectivity and fast response-recovery characteristic, which was mainly attributed to the supramolecularly assemble of 4-hydroxyquinoline, and Cu²⁺ with graphene nanosheets.