Preschool children and their mothers are more exposed to paternal smoking at home than school children and their mothers |
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| Authors: | Moon-Woo Seong Jin Soo Moon Jong Hee Hwang Hye-Jung Ryu Soo Jin Kang Sun-Young Kong Tae Hyun Um Jae-Gahb Park Jin Soo Lee Do-Hoon Lee |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea;4. Cancer Research Institute and Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. Lung Cancer Branch, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Goyang, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China;2. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan;3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China;4. Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundExposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a major risk to human health, and the home is the greatest single source of SHS in children. Here, the authors assessed SHS exposure of children and mothers by paternal smoking at home, and investigated how different this exposure is according to smoking location and children's age.MethodsTwo hundred-five families were enrolled in this study as trios of fathers, mothers, and children. Nicotine concentrations in hair were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to determine long-term exposure to SHS.ResultsDifferences between the smoker group and nonsmoker group in nicotine levels were statistically significant in both children and their mothers. However, difference between the indoor-smoker group and outdoor-smoker group was marginally significant in children and was not significant in their mothers. In the indoor-smoker group, preschool children and their mothers had nicotine concentrations about twice as high as school children and their mothers, respectively. In the outdoor-smoker group, however, differences between two age groups in nicotine levels were significant in preschool children, but not their mothers.ConclusionThese findings indicate that paternal smoking at home leads to significant exposure to SHS in their children and spouses, which is not completely prevented by smoking outside. Especially, preschool children and their mothers appear to be most at risk for SHS exposure among nonsmoking household members. |
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