Alcohol mixed with energy drink: Use may be a consequence of heavy drinking |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, VA, United States;2. Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States;3. Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States;4. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States;5. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;1. National Center for PTSD, Women''s Health Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue (116B-3), Boston, MA 02130, United States;2. Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States;3. University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, United States;4. Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-A1, Providence, RI 02912, United States;5. Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, MHCL116, Houston, TX 77030, United States;6. University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States;7. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, United States;1. Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 2nd Floor, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02906, United States;2. British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada;3. Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 667-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada;1. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St., Boston, MA, United States;3. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States;5. Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA, United States;1. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | AimsIn recent years, studies have indicated that consumers of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) are more likely to drink heavily and experience more negative consequences than consumers who avoid these beverages. Although researchers have identified a number of plausible hypotheses that explain how alcohol-energy drink co-ingestion could cause greater alcohol consumption, there has been no postulation about reverse causal relations. This paper identifies several plausible hypotheses for the observed associations between AmED consumption and greater alcohol consumption, and provides initial evidence for one such hypothesis suggesting that heavy drinking may be a determinant of AmED use.MethodData collected from 511 bar patrons were used to examine the plausibility of one of the proposed hypotheses, i.e., AmED is an artifact of heavy drinking. Associations between the consumption of an assortment of alcoholic beverage types and total alcohol consumption were examined at the event-level, to assess whether AmED is uniquely related with greater alcohol consumption.ResultsIncreased alcohol consumption was associated with greater odds of consuming most alcoholic beverage types; this association was not unique to AmED.ConclusionsResults support the overlooked hypothesis that AmED use is an artifact of heavy drinking. Thus, AmED consumption may be a consequence or marker of heavier drinking. Much of the existing research on alcoholic beverage types is limited in its ability to implicate any specific type of drink, including AmED, as a cause of increased alcohol consumption and related harm. More rigorous study designs are needed to examine causal relationships. |
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