Risk factors and managements of hemorrhage associated with pancreatic fistula after pancre-aticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Post-pancreaticoduodenectomy pancreatic fistula associated hemorrhage (PPFH) is one of the leading le-thal complications. Our study was to analyze the risk factors and managements of hemorrhage associated with pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy, and to evaluate treat-ment options. METHOD: We analyzed 445 patients who underwent pancre-aticoduodenectomy or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduo-denectomy and evaluated the relevance between clinical data and PPFH. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) was 27.42% (122/445), and the incidence of PPFH was 4.49% (20/445). Among the 20 patients with PPFH, 7 died and 13 were cured. Interventional angiographic therapy was performed for 10 patients and 5 were successfully treat-ed. Relaparotomy was performed for 5 patients and 2 were successfully cured. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that several risk factors were related to PPFH: the nature of tumor (carcinoid/low-grade or high-grade malig-nancy), preoperative day 1 serum prealbumin, preoperative day 1 total bilirubin (TBIL), operative time, blood loss in the operation, operative method (vascular resection and revascu-larization), postoperative day 3 TBIL, biliary fistula, and the grade of POPF. The multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the nature of tumor and the grade of POPF were independently risk factors of PPFH. Receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that preoperative day 1 serum prealbumin level <173 mg/L and postoperative day 3 TBIL level ≥168 μmol/L were the risk factors of PPFH. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of PPFH was found to be increased with high potential malignancy and high grade of POPF. An-giography-embolization is one of the major and effective ther-apies for PPFH. Extraluminal-intraluminal PPFH is more serious and needs more aggressive treatments.