Akebia Saponin D ameliorated kidney injury and exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in diabetic nephropathy by activation of NRF2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-KB pathway

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), causes increasing mortality and morbidity due to its high prevalence and severe consequences. Hence, it is urgent to search for effective agents that provide new insights into novel molecular therapeutic targets for DN. This study was designed to investigate the critical role of Akebia saponin D (ASD) in kidney damage, inflammation and apoptosis of renal tubular cells in DN. To probe the protective effects of ASD on DN in vivo, diabetes mellitus model was established by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) for 5 days consecutively. Besides, HG-induced human renal tubular cells (HK-2) were used to analyze the defined effects and underlying mechanism of ASD on DN in vitro. Blood glucose, insulin, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal injury, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis of renal tubular cells were respectively measured and evaluated. ASD prevented kidney damage, improved renal function and inflammatory reaction, ameliorated oxidative stress and inhibited apoptosis of renal tubular cells in DN mice via activation of NRF2/HO-1 pathway and inhibition of NF-KB pathway.