Long term effects of micro-surgical testicular sperm extraction on androgen status in patients with non obstructive azoospermia |
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Authors: | Karel Everaert Ilse De Croo Wim Kerckhaert Peter Dekuyper Marc Dhont Josiane Van der Elst Petra De Sutter Frank Comhaire Ahmed Mahmoud Nicolaas Lumen |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan 3. Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 4. Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract: | Background With the increasing interest with botulinum toxin – A (BTX-A) application in the lower urinary tract, we investigated the BTX-A effects on the canine prostate and also in men with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods Transperineal injection into the prostate using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) was performed throughout the study. Saline with or without 100 U of BTX-A was injected into mongrel dogs prostate. One or 3 months later, the prostate was harvested for morphologic and apoptotic study. In addition, eight BPH patients refractory to α-blockers were treated with ultrasound guided intraprostatic injection of 200 U of BTX-A. Results In the BTX-A treated dogs, atrophy and diffuse apoptosis was observed with H&E stain and TUNEL stain at 1 and 3 months. Clinically, the mean prostate volume, symptom score, and quality of life index were significantly reduced by 18.8%, 73.1%, and 61.5% respectively. Maximal flow rate significantly increased by 72.0%. Conclusion Intraprostatic BTX-A injection induces prostate apotosis in dogs and relieves BOO in humans. It is therefore a promising alternative treatment for refractory BOO due to BPH. |
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