Homeobox protein MSX‐1 inhibits expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 via Wnt/β‐catenin signaling to prevent differentiation of dental mesenchymal cells during the late bell stage

Homeobox protein MSX‐1 (hereafter referred to as MSX‐1) is essential for early tooth‐germ development. Tooth‐germ development is arrested at bud stage in Msx1 knockout mice, which prompted us to study the functions of MSX‐1 beyond this stage. Here, we investigated the roles of MSX‐1 during late bell stage. Mesenchymal cells of the mandibular first molar were isolated from mice at embryonic day (E)17.5 and cultured in vitro. We determined the expression levels of β‐catenin, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2), Bmp4, and lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 (Lef1) after knockdown or overexpression of Msx1. Our findings suggest that knockdown of Msx1 promoted expression of Bmp2, Bmp4, and Lef1, resulting in elevated differentiation of odontoblasts, which was rescued by blocking the expression of these genes. In contrast, overexpression of Msx1 decreased the expression of Bmp2, Bmp4, and Lef1, leading to a reduction in odontoblast differentiation. The regulation of Bmp2, Bmp4, and Lef1 by Msx1 was mediated by the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Additionally, knockdown of Msx1 impaired cell proliferation and slowed S‐phase progression, while overexpression of Msx1 also impaired cell proliferation and prolonged G1‐phase progression. We therefore conclude that MSX‐1 maintains cell proliferation by regulating transition of cells from G1‐phase to S‐phase and prevents odontoblast differentiation by inhibiting expression of Bmp2, Bmp4, and Lef1 at the late bell stage via the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.