Principles of Exercise Physiology: Responses to Acute Exercise and Long-term Adaptations to Training |
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| Authors: | Anita M. Rivera-Brown Walter R. Frontera |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Public Health, Section of Sport Science, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;2. Department of Clinical Medicine, Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;1. Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB) – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain;2. Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain;3. CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain;4. Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain;5. Unidad de Cuidados Críticos Cardiológicos, Área del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, HUCA, Spain;6. Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (FINBA), Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en el Paciente Crítico, Asturias, Spain;7. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain;8. Department of Statistics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain;9. Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain;10. Department of Cardiology, Sports Medicine Centre, Spanish Sports Health Protection Agency, Madrid, Spain;11. Clinical Laboratory, Sports Medicine Centre, Spanish Sports Health Protection Agency, Madrid, Spain;12. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA;3. Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA;4. Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA;5. Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
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| Abstract: | Physical activity and fitness are associated with a lower prevalence of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and diabetes. This review discusses the body's response to an acute bout of exercise and long-term physiological adaptations to exercise training with an emphasis on endurance exercise. An overview is provided of skeletal muscle actions, muscle fiber types, and the major metabolic pathways involved in energy production. The importance of adequate fluid intake during exercise sessions to prevent impairments induced by dehydration on endurance exercise, muscular power, and strength is discussed. Physiological adaptations that result from regular exercise training such as increases in cardiorespiratory capacity and strength are mentioned. The review emphasizes the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations that lead to improvements in maximal oxygen capacity. |
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