Peripheral nerve transplantation: the role of chemical acellularization in eliminating allograft antigenicity

This study tests the hypothesis that a chemically acellularized peripheral nerve allograft is as immunologically inactive as a peripheral nerve isograft. Cellular and acellular sciatic nerves were transplanted from BALB/c into C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 sciatic nerves were also transplanted into C57BL/6 recipients as isograft controls. Fourteen days post-transplantation, recipient splenocytes were isolated, stimulated with donor alloantigens, and IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and gamma-IFN production was quantified using the ELISPOT technique. Cellular peripheral nerve allografts stimulated robust Th1 and Th2 systemic immune responses, whereas acellular peripheral nerve allografts elicited a response that is comparable to or lower than that quantified following peripheral nerve isograft transplantation. Chemical acellularization of peripheral nerve allografts dramatically reduces the cellular and humoral immunologic responses. These data indicate that chemically acellularized peripheral nerve constructs are relatively non-antigenic and may be a readily available source of nerve for peripheral nerve reconstruction.