Covalent attachment of a three-dimensionally printed thermoplast to a gelatin hydrogel for mechanically enhanced cartilage constructs |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;2. Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;3. Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;2. Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium;2. Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium;3. UGhent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent B-9000, Belgium;1. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;2. Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;3. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210018, China;4. Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;1. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council Postdoctoral Associate, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW Washington, DC 20375, USA;2. Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW Washington, DC 20375, USA;1. Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA;2. Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;3. Department of Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, USA;4. Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;2. Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Hydrogels can provide a suitable environment for tissue formation by embedded cells, which makes them suitable for applications in regenerative medicine. However, hydrogels possess only limited mechanical strength, and must therefore be reinforced for applications in load-bearing conditions. In most approaches the reinforcing component and the hydrogel network have poor interactions and the synergetic effect of both materials on the mechanical properties is not effective. Therefore, in the present study, a thermoplastic polymer blend of poly(hydroxymethylglycolide-co-ε-caprolactone)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (pHMGCL/PCL) was functionalized with methacrylate groups (pMHMGCL/PCL) and covalently grafted to gelatin methacrylamide (gelMA) hydrogel through photopolymerization. The grafting resulted in an at least fivefold increase in interface-binding strength between the hydrogel and the thermoplastic polymer material. GelMA constructs were reinforced with three-dimensionally printed pHMGCL/PCL and pMHMGCL/PCL scaffolds and tested in a model for a focal articular cartilage defect. In this model, covalent bonds at the interface of the two materials resulted in constructs with an improved resistance to repeated axial and rotational forces. Moreover, chondrocytes embedded within the constructs were able to form cartilage-specific matrix both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, by grafting the interface of different materials, stronger hybrid cartilage constructs can be engineered. |
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| Keywords: | Hydrogel Polymer grafting Fiber reinforcement 3-D fiber deposition Cartilage |
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