Adaptation and remodeling of vascular wall; biomechanical response to hypertension |
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| Authors: | Kozaburo Hayashi Takeru Naiki |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Japan;2. Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan;1. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;2. Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California;3. Department of Medicine, University of Texas Houston, Houston, Texas;4. Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical, and Biomedical Engineering and Material and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland;2. Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland;1. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Japan;2. Sano City Hospital, Japan;1. Division of Biomechanics, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz 51335-1996, Iran;2. Cardiovascular Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran;1. College of Engineering and Computing, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;2. Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;3. College of Engineering and Computing, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA |
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| Abstract: | Living organs, tissues, and cells functionally adapt themselves to mechanical demands, and remodel by changing geometry, structure, and properties. The key factor for this phenomenon is “Mechanical Stress”. Major stresses applied to blood vessels inside the body are: (1) hoop stress induced by blood pressure, that is normal stress in the wall circumferential direction, (2) wall shear stress developed by blood flow, and (3) axial stress by elongation in the axial direction. This review article deals with biomechanical studies on the responses of arterial and venous wall to the elevation of blood pressure. One of the specific biomechanical manifestations to arterial wall adaptation in response to hypertension is wall hypertrophy. This restores circumferential wall stress, i.e. hoop stress, at in vivo operating pressure to a normal value, and changes arterial stiffness to an optimal level. Vascular smooth muscle cells are activated by hypertension. Essentially similar phenomena are also observed in venous wall. |
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