Influence of preparation conditions on the composition of type B carbonated hydroxyapatite and on the localization of the carbonate ions

Summary It is shown how certain aspects of the composition and structure of carbonated apatites depend strictly on preparation conditions, for example, excess of phosphate or calcium ions in the reaction medium, CO₃ ²⁻ concentration, pH, ammonia added or not. Depending on those conditions, either one or the other of the two proposed mechanisms of introduction of carbonate ions into the B sites is dominant. The mechanisms are (1) replacement of a phosphate ion by a carbonate ion with the formation of three vacancies, one in a phosphate oxygen site and one each in the neigh-boring Ca²⁺ and OH⁻ sites; and (2) replacement of a phosphate ion by a carbonate accompanied by a hydroxyl ion. Whether mechanism (1) is observed to dominate over mechanism (2), or vice versa, is accounted for by the relative concentrations of the various ions in the reaction medium. The number of vacancies is decreased by the presence of either, or both, excess calcium ions or ammonia in the reaction medium. A structural-chemical mechanism is advanced for the view that, with the smallest CO₃ ²⁻ content, the A sites are favored but with increasing carbonate content the B sites become favored and the A-site content becomes less than it is when the total carbonate content is less.