Total fluid intake of children and adolescents: cross-sectional surveys in 13 countries worldwide |
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| Authors: | Iris?Iglesia,Isabelle?Guelinckx,Pilar?M.?De?Miguel-Etayo,Esther?M.?González-Gil,Jordi?Salas-Salvadó,Stavros?A.?Kavouras,Joan?Gandy,Homero?Martínez,Saptawati?Bardosono,Morteza?Abdollahi,Esmat?Nasseri,Agnieszka?Jarosz,Guansheng?Ma,Esteban?Carmuega,Isabelle?Thiébaut,Luis?A.?Moreno author-information" > author-information__contact u-icon-before" > mailto:lmoreno@unizar.es" title=" lmoreno@unizar.es" itemprop=" email" data-track=" click" data-track-action=" Email author" data-track-label=" " >Email author |
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| Affiliation: | 1.GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences,Universidad de Zaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain;2.Hydration & Health Department,Danone Research,Palaiseau,France;3.Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV (Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili), Biochemistry Biotechnology Department,Universitat Rovira i Virgili,Reus,Spain;4.CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición),Institute of Health Carlos III,Madrid,Spain;5.Department of Health Human Performance and Recreation,University of Arkansas,Fayetteville,USA;6.British Dietetic Association,Birmingham,UK;7.School of Life and Medical Services,University of Hertfordshire,Hatfield,UK;8.RAND Corporation,Santa Monica,USA;9.Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez,Mexico City,Mexico;10.Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia,Jakarta,Indonesia;11.Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran;12.National Food and Nutrition Institute,Warsaw,Poland;13.National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing,China;14.Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health,Peking University,Beijing,China;15.Centro de Estudios Sobre Nutrición Infantil,Buenos Aires,Argentina;16.Research Centre of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health,Université Libre de Bruxelles,Brussels,Belgium;17.Club Européen des Diététiciens de l’Enfance,Brussels,Belgium |
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| Abstract: | PurposeTo describe total fluid intake (TFI) according to socio-demographic characteristics in children and adolescents worldwide.MethodsData of 3611 children (4–9 years) and 8109 adolescents (10–18 years) were retrieved from 13 cross-sectional surveys (47 % males). In three countries, school classes were randomly recruited with stratified cluster sampling design. In the other countries, participants were randomly recruited based on a quota method. TFI (drinking water and beverages of all kinds) was obtained with a fluid-specific record over 7 consecutive days. Adequacy was assessed by comparing TFI to 80 % of adequate intake (AI) for total water intake set by European Food Safety Authority. Data on height, weight and socio-economic level were collected in most countries.ResultsThe mean (SD) TFI ranged from [1.32 (0.68)] to [1.35 (0.71)] L/day. Non-adherence to AIs for fluids ranged from 10 % (Uruguay) to >90 % (Belgium). Females were more likely to meet the AIs for fluids than males (4–9 years: 28 %, OR 0.72, p = 0.002; 10–18 years: 20 %, OR 0.80, p = 0.001), while adolescents were less likely to meet the AI than children (OR 1.645, p < 0.001 in males and OR 1.625, p < 0.001 in females).ConclusionsA high proportion of children and adolescents are at risk of an inadequate fluid intake. This risk is especially high in males and adolescents when compared with females or children categories. This highlights water intake among young populations as an issue of global concern. |
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