| Affiliation: | 1.Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV),Universitat Rovira i Virgili,Reus,Spain;2.Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn),Institute of Health Carlos III,Madrid,Spain;3.Department of Hydration and Health,Danone Nutricia Research,Palaiseau,France;4.Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences,Universidad de Zaragoza,Saragossa,Spain;5.Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation,University of Arkansas,Fayetteville,USA;6.British Dietetic Association,Birmingham,UK;7.School of Life and Medical Services,University of Hertfordshire,Hatfield,UK;8.RAND Corporation,Santa Monica,USA;9.Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez,Mexico City,Mexico;10.Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine,University of Indonesia,Jakarta,Indonesia;11.Department of Nutrition Research, Faculty of Nutrition, Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran;12.National Food and Nutrition Institute,Warsaw,Poland |
| Abstract: | PurposeTo evaluate the total fluid intake from drinking water and beverages in adult populations from different countries and assess the percentage of individuals complying with the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids.MethodsA total of 16,276 adults (7580 men and 8696 women) aged between 18 and 70 years (mean age 39.8 years) were randomly recruited from 13 different countries from three continents. Information about the total daily fluid intake (sum of drinking water and beverages) was collected using a 24-h fluid-specific record over seven consecutive days.ResultsImportant differences in total fluid intake between countries were found; however, few differences between men and women were reported in most of the countries. Less than 50 % of the women and approximately 60 % of the men do not comply with the EFSA AI of water from fluids. Women were more than twice as likely as men to meet these AI (OR 2.15; 95 % CI 2.02–2.29). The odds of meeting the AI of water from fluids were lower in individuals over 50 years (OR 0.88; 95 % CI 0.80–0.96). Nine percent of the total population consumed less than half of the AI, 40.5 % between 50 and 100 %, and 50.5 % more than the AI.ConclusionsThere were considerable differences in total fluid intake between countries but not between genders. Only 40 % of men and 60 % of women comply with the EFSA AI of water from fluids. Men and elderly individuals had an increased risk of not complying with this reference value. |
