Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and period 1 (PER1) clock gene products in different sleep stages of patients with cognitive impairment |
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| Authors: | Ing-Jy Tseng Hsing-Cheng Liu Rey-Yue Yuan Jau-Jiuan Sheu Jia-Ming Yu Chaur-Jong Hu |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;3. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;4. Department of Neurology and The Topnotch Stroke Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;5. Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;6. Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;1. Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13/F, 81377 Munich, Germany;3. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;1. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - UOC Neurologia – Dipartmento Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Psychology, Area of Neuroscience, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy;3. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Neurologia, Rome, Italy;4. Area of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy;1. Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria;2. Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK;3. Department of Neurology, Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Circadian and sleep disturbances are common behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia; circadian rhythm–related molecules may be altered in dementia patients. This study investigated the expression of the period 1 clock gene product (PER1), which is involved in circadian rhythms, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thought to generate nitric oxide, important in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation. Specifically, we investigated the difference in expression of these two genes between patients with cognitive impairment and controls. We studied iNOS and PER1 mRNA expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral leukocytes during REM sleep, non-REM sleep and wake stages in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 5), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 8) and controls (n = 9) during polysomnography examination. Expression of iNOS significantly increased during REM sleep in AD patients compared to MCI patients and controls. There were no significant differences in PER1 expression between the three groups, but an increase in PER1 expression during the wake stage was observed for all participants. Increased expression of iNOS during REM sleep of patients with AD might be a compensation mechanism for maintaining REM sleep. However, the precise role of nocturnal expression of iNOS in patients with AD requires further investigation. |
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