PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, OC pesticides and mercury in fish and osprey eggs from Willamette River, Oregon (1993, 2001 and 2006) with calculated biomagnification factors |
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Authors: | Charles J Henny James L Kaiser Robert A Grove |
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Institution: | (1) U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA |
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Abstract: | The osprey (Pandion haliaetus) population nesting along the main stem Willamette River and lower Santiam River was first studied to evaluate contaminants
and reproductive rates in 1993 when 78 occupied nests were present. By 2001, the population increased to 234 occupied nests,
a 13.7% annual rate of population increase. A sample egg was collected from each of a series of nests along the Upper River
(river mile 55–187) in 1993, 2001 and 2006 to evaluate trends of persistent contaminants (organochlorine OC] pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs], polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins PCDDs], and polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDFs]). Nearly all OC pesticide residues decreased significantly, e.g.,
p, p′-DDE (DDE) from 2,350 to 1,353 to 210 μg/kg wet weight (ww). PCBs followed a similar pattern over time, e.g., ΣPCBs 688
to 245 to 182 μg/kg ww, while PCDDs and PCDFs showed a more precipitous decline (often 85–95%) between 1993 and 2001, with
no egg analyses warranted in 2006. During 2001–2002, sample osprey eggs were also collected from nests at three Headwater
Reservoirs and two lower reaches (Newberg Pool and Tidal Portland) of the Willamette River, as well as the lower portion of
the Santiam River to evaluate spatial residue patterns. Significant differences were seldom detected among the different sampling
areas for OC pesticides (probably due to small sample sizes), although higher concentrations were often seen in the lower
reaches, e.g., DDE 901 μg/kg ww (Headwater Reservoirs), 1,353 (Upper River), 1,384 (Newberg Pool) and 2,676 (Tidal Portland).
PCB congener concentrations in eggs were usually higher in the Tidal Portland reach than at other locations and often significantly
higher than at the Headwater Reservoirs or Upper River. Mercury (first analyzed in eggs in 2001), PCDDs and PCDFs were extremely
low in 2001/2002 with no significant spatial patterns. Whole fish composite samples of largescale sucker (Catastomus macrocheilus) and northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), which account for about 90% of the biomass in the diet of this osprey population, were also collected from the Willamette
River in 1993 and 2001 and analyzed for the same contaminants as osprey eggs. Contaminant residues in fish from the Upper
River decreased between 1993 and 2001, paralleling findings for osprey eggs. Likewise, spatial patterns for fish residues
paralleled findings for osprey eggs from the different reaches in 2001. A second empirical estimate of biomagnification factors
(BMFs) from fish to osprey eggs for OC pesticides, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs (ww and lipid weight lw] basis) was calculated based
on residue data collected in 2001. The two independent BMF estimates (1993 and 2001) for each contaminant from the Upper River
provide a measure of consistency, e.g., DDE (ww) 87 and 79, (lw) 103 and 112; ΣPCBs (ww) 11 and 8.4, (lw) 13 and 12. Mercury
did not biomagnify from fish to osprey eggs (BMF = 0.60). Legacy contaminants investigated had limited (perhaps only DDE),
if any, effects on reproductive success of the increasing osprey population nesting along the Willamette River by 2001. |
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Keywords: | Osprey Pandion haliaetus Oregon Fish DDE PCBs PCDDs PCDFs Mercury Reproduction Biomagnification factors Status and trends Contaminants |
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