Presence of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in urine of healthy volunteers eating normal diet, but not of inpatients receiving parenteral alimentation

For estimation of human exposures to carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, the amounts of four compounds, 3-amino-1, 4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), in human urine were measured. Twenty-four hour urine specimens were collected from ten healthy volunteers eating normal diet (five males and five females) and three inpatients (two males and a female) receiving parenteral alimentation, and the levels of the four heterocyclic amines were measured by HPLC after partial purification by treatment with blue cotton and ion exchange column chromatography. Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, PhIP and MeIQx were detected in the 24 h urine samples of all healthy volunteers at levels of 0.04-1.43 ng, 0.03-0.68 ng, 0.12-1.97 ng and 11-47 ng respectively. As 1.8-4.9% of an oral dose of MeIQx is reported to be excreted unchanged in the urine, the daily exposure of humans to MeIQx was estimated to be 0.2-2.6 micrograms/person. The four heterocyclic amines were not detected in the urine of parenterally fed inpatients. These results indicate that humans are continually exposed to carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in food, and these compounds may not be formed endogenously.