Buccal cell FISH and blood PCR-Y detect high rates of X chromosomal mosaicism and Y chromosomal derivatives in patients with Turner syndrome |
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| Authors: | Kim Freriks Henri J.L.M. Timmers Romana T. Netea-Maier Catharina C.M. Beerendonk Barto J. Otten Janiëlle A.E.M. van Alfen-van der Velden Maaike A.F. Traas Hanneke Mieloo Guillaume W.H.J.F.L. van de Zande Lies H. Hoefsloot Ad R.M.M. Hermus Dominique F.C.M. Smeets |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Clinical Cardiology Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;2. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy;1. Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;2. Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;3. Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95618, USA;4. MIND Institute, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95618, USA;5. Stress, Cognition, and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148 |
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| Abstract: | Turner syndrome (TS) is the result of (partial) X chromosome monosomy. In general, the diagnosis is based on karyotyping of 30 blood lymphocytes. This technique, however, does not rule out tissue mosaicism or low grade mosaicism in the blood. Because of the associated risk of gonadoblastoma, mosaicism is especially important in case this involves a Y chromosome. We investigated different approaches to improve the detection of mosaicisms in 162 adult women with TS (mean age 29.9 ± 10.3). Standard karyotyping identified 75 patients (46.3%) with a non-mosaic monosomy 45,X. Of these 75 patients, 63 underwent additional investigations including FISH on buccal cells with X- and Y-specific probes and PCR-Y on blood. FISH analysis of buccal cells revealed a mosaicism in 19 of the 63 patients (30.2%). In five patients the additional cell lines contained a (derivative) Y chromosome. With sensitive real-time PCR we confirmed the presence of this Y chromosome in blood in three of the five cases. Although Y chromosome material was established in ovarian tissue in two patients, no gonadoblastoma was found. Our results confirm the notion that TS patients with 45,X on conventional karyotyping often have tissue specific mosaicisms, some of which include a Y chromosome. Although further investigations are needed to estimate the risk of gonadoblastoma in patients with Y chromosome material in buccal cells, we conclude that FISH or real-time PCR on buccal cells should be considered in TS patients with 45,X on standard karyotyping. |
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| Keywords: | Turner syndrome Y chromosome Mosaicism Gonadoblastoma Real-time PCR FISH |
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