Urinary biomarkers of occupational N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exposure attributed to the dermal exposure |
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Authors: | Chang Ho-Yuan Tsai Ching-Yi Lin Yu-Qun Shih Tung-Sheng Lin Yun-Chin |
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Institution: | Graduate Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan. h7154@mail.ncku.edu.tw |
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Abstract: | OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the dermal exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exerts significant effects and to determine the unit increment of dermal exposure on the total body burden of two biomarkers in urine: metabolism-required N-methylformamide (U-NMF) and non-metabolized DMF (U-DMF) in actual occupational environments. METHODS: Exposure via respiratory and dermal routes was assessed on an individual basis for 75 workers from four DMF-related factories directly exposed to DMF. Respiratory exposure was determined by breathing-zone sampling for a full-work shift, and dermal exposure was assessed on the palms and forearms of both hands by an adhesive tape-patch method. U-NMF and U-DMF collected immediately postshift were measured. RESULTS: The average concentrations of airborne DMF, DMF on hands and on forearms, U-NMF, and U-DMF (GM) were 1.51 ppm, 0.04 microg/cm(2), 0.03 microg/cm(2), 0.47 mg/l, and 0.38 mg/l, respectively. In multiple linear regression tests, only airborne DMF and DMF on hands remained significantly (P<0.001) associated with U-NMF and U-DMF. Based on model estimates, the unit increment of hands' exposure (microg/cm(2)) could contribute to 0.53 and 0.46 mg/l of the increment of U-NMF and U-DMF, respectively, given a daily occupational airborne exposure to DMF at about 1.5 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: Dermal exposure provides a substantial contribution to the total body burden of DMF. A control remedy such as the enforcement of wearing impermeable gloves by workers occupationally exposed to DMF should be implemented with the highest priority. |
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