Red wine polyphenols inhibit the growth of colon carcinoma cells and modulate the activation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinases

Red wine is a rich source of polyphenols, which exhibit a number of biological effects in different in vitro and in vivo systems. The bioavailability of polyphenols is poor and the plasma concentrations of major red wine polyphenols are usually low after consumption of dietary relevant amounts of red wine. In contrast to most organ systems, the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the epithelial cells of this organ system) is exposed to high concentrations of polyphenols. Here, we show that the total polyphenol pool isolated from a red wine (varity Lemberger, vintage 1998) at micromolar concentrations inhibited the proliferation of transformed colon epithelial cells HT 29 clone 19A induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Inhibition of proliferation was also associated with modulation of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Stress activated c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 (JNK) and p38 MAPK were significantly activated by red wine polyphenols (6 mmol/L). Maximum phosphorylation of both MAPK was observed after a 1-h treatment with red wine polyphenols. In contrast, activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 by EGF (1 nmol/L) was significantly inhibited by red wine polyphenols (6 mmol/L). This signaling pattern, activation of JNK 1/2 and p38 MAPK and inhibition of ERK 1/2, is typical for antiproliferative compounds, indicating that red wine polyphenols may inhibit the proliferation of colon carcinoma cells by modulating MAPK intracellular signal transduction pathways.