Cellular location and major terminal networks of the orexinergic system in the brain of two megachiropterans |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa;2. Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, 4072, Australia;1. Center for Sleep and Health Research, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave (MC 802), Room 750, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States;2. Office of Research Facilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave (MC 802), Room 615, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States;3. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S Wood St (MC 512), Room 666, Chicago, IL, United States;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK;2. Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK;4. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK;3. Department of Neuroradiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK;5. Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford Radcliffe NHS Trust, Oxford, UK;1. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy;2. Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, CTO Alesini Hospital ASL Rome C, Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy;1. Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City G1K 7P4, Canada;2. Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada;3. Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada;1. Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, college of life science, Shandong normal university, Jinan 250014, China;2. Qinhuangdao Medical School, Qinhuangdao 066000, China;3. Shandong College of Electronic Technology, Jinan 250200, China;4. The Fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250031, China |
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| Abstract: | The present study describes the distribution of orexin-A immunoreactive neurons and their terminal networks in the brains of two species of megachiropterans. In general the organization of the orexinergic system in the mammalian brain is conserved across species, but as one of two groups of mammals that fly and have a high metabolic rate, it was of interest to determine whether there were any specific differences in the organization of this system in the megachiropterans. Orexinergic neurons were limited in distribution to the hypothalamus, and formed three distinct clusters, or nuclei, a main cluster with a perifornical location, a zona incerta cluster in the dorsolateral hypothalamus and an optic tract cluster in the ventrolateral hypothalamus. The nuclear parcellation of the orexinergic system in the megachiropterans is similar to that seen in many mammals, but differs from the microchiropterans where the optic tract cluster is absent. The terminal networks of the orexinergic neurons in the megachiropterans was similar to that seen in a range of mammalian species, with significant terminal networks being found in the hypothalamus, cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegemental nuclei, the noradrenergic locus coeruleus complex, all serotonergic nuclei, the paraventricular nuclei of the epithalamus and adjacent to the habenular nuclei. While the megachiropteran orexinergic system is typically mammalian in form, it does differ from that reported for microchiropterans, and thus provides an additional neural character arguing for independent evolution of these two chiropteran suborders. |
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| Keywords: | Megabat Chiroptera Neuromodulatory systems Hypocretin Orexin Evolution Mammalia |
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