Environmental and health impact of unrecovered API from pharmaceutical manufacturing wastes: A review of contemporary treatment,recycling and management strategies |
| |
Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China;2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria;3. Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria;4. Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria;5. Biofuel Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China |
| |
Abstract: | Pharmaceutical industries are imminent for the survival of any contemporary society as their products are valuable for the populace's health and wellness. However, the wastes of these industries have become a nuisance with severe implications on human health and ecosystem, especially in many developing countries where they are discharged indiscriminately into the environment, either untreated or poorly treated. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Waste (PMW) effluents have been reported to possess a high BOD and COD, as well as recoverable APIs of various classes of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, antibiotic residues in these effluents are implicated in the progression and spread of antibiotic resistance in the aquatic and agroecosystem. Globally, the diverse activities of various pharmaceutical industries, owing to their diverse products, have resulted in difficulty in developing universal management and treatment protocols. Consequently, regulatory bodies/institutions find it challenging to monitor waste disposal practices of these industries adequately, primarily owing to their non-disclosure policies of intellectual properties. Hence, to a large extent, the onus for a sustainable society regarding PMWs lies in the decision and policies of these industries. Therefore, this review aims to foster informed policy-making decisions regarding waste management practices of pharmaceutical industries. |
| |
Keywords: | Pharmaceutical waste recycling Antibiotics resistance Wastewater treatment Human health |
本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录! |
|