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A Comparison of the Cortical Structure of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), a Basal Mysticete,with Other Cetaceans
Authors:Mary Ann Raghanti  Bridget Wicinski  Rachel Meierovich  Tahia Warda  Dara L. Dickstein  Joy S. Reidenberg  Cheuk Y. Tang  John C. George  J.G.M. Hans Thewissen  Camilla Butti  Patrick R. Hof
Affiliation:1. Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio;2. Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;3. Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York

Convent of the Sacred Heart School, New York, New York;4. Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York

Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;5. Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;6. Department of Radiology and Translational Medicine Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;7. Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska;8. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio

Abstract:Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position among mysticetes. Therefore, the bowhead whale is an important specimen for understanding the evolutionary specializations of cetacean brains. Here, we present an overview of the structure and cytoarchitecture of the bowhead whale cerebral cortex gleaned from Nissl-stained sections and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with other mysticetes and odontocetes. In general, the cytoarchitecture of cetacean cortex is consistent in displaying a thin cortex, a thick, prominent layer I, and absence of a granular layer IV. Cell density, composition, and width of layers III, V, and VI vary among cortical regions, and cetacean cortex is cell-sparse relative to that of terrestrial mammals. Notably, all regions of the bowhead cortex possess high numbers of von Economo neurons and fork neurons, with the highest numbers observed at the apex of gyri. The bowhead whale is also distinctive in having a significantly reduced hippocampus that occupies a space below the corpus callosum within the lateral ventricle. Consistent with other balaenids, bowhead whales possess what appears to be a blunted temporal lobe, which is in contrast to the expansive temporal lobes that characterize most odontocetes. The present report demonstrates that many morphological and cytoarchitectural characteristics are conserved among cetaceans, while other features, such as a reduced temporal lobe, may characterize balaenids among mysticetes. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:745–760, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keywords:minke whale  humpback whale  baleen whale  sperm whale  cytoarchitecture
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