The reinforcing effects of brief exposures to nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;2. Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;3. Faculdade IBGEN, IBGEN Buzines School - Grupo Uniftec, Centro Universitário e Faculdades, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;4. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil;5. Department of Psychiatry, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada;1. European Commission and Barcelona Graduate School of Economics. DG Competition, B 1049, Brussels, Belgium;2. European Commission. DG Competition, B 1049, Brussels, Belgium;3. European Commission, Imperial College London and University of Rome II. South Kensington campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | The reinforcing and subjective effects of brief (about 1.5 min) exposures to nitrous oxide, ranging from inspired concentrations of 20–80% in oxygen, were examined in 11 healthy volunteers. A choice procedure was used in which during each of four sessions, subjects first sampled a given concentration of nitrous oxide and placebo oxygen, and then chose between the two. 20, 40, 60 and 80% nitrous oxide were chosen by five, four, three, and three subjects, respectively—these choice levels did not exceed that of chance. All concentrations had psychoactive effects, and in general, concentration-related subjective effects were found. We conclude that in a medical setting, nitrous oxide inhaled in a manner similar to that when used recreationally in a naturalistic setting, does not function as a reinforcer across a wide range of concentrations, in subjects with a modest lifetime history of psychoactive drug use. |
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