“壮根灵”类药剂检测及植物生长延缓剂在根及根茎类道地药材栽培中使用情况调查

植物生长延缓剂是植物生长调节剂的一类,具有抑制植物茎部近顶端分生组织细胞的分裂、伸长和生长速度等作用,并可被赤霉素逆转,可以调节光合产物向根和根茎部位转移,从而促进作物根部位的生长和增大。最常用的植物生长延缓剂有多效唑(paclobutrazol),烯效唑(uniconazole),矮壮素(chlorocholine chloride),缩节胺(mepiquat chloride),氯化胆碱(choline chloride),丁酰肼(daminozide)等6种。在农业上,用于根类作物的常称为"壮根灵"、"膨大素"、"膨大剂"等。具有单一或复合植物生长调节剂标示的登记为农药者,称为农药"壮根灵"。而登记为叶面肥或冲施肥的具有促进根类生长的药剂,统称农肥"壮根灵"。作者于2012年至2014年走访调查了四川绵阳花园镇(川麦冬)、彭州敖平镇(川芎)、彭山谢家镇(泽泻)、江油市太平镇和彰明镇(附子),云南文山州(三七)、河南武陟大封镇(地黄、牛膝和山药),甘肃岷县(党参和当归)、礼县(大黄)等中药道地产区在根和根茎类药材种植过程中使用"壮根灵"的情况,发现"壮根灵"在这些药材种植过程中除大黄外均有应用,其中川麦冬、泽泻、牛膝、党参在调查地应用极为普遍,地黄、当归中较常应用,川芎、附子、三七和山药中有应用。搜集了产区应用的农药"壮根灵"和农肥"壮根灵"药剂共53份,其中农药"壮根灵"15份,占28%,来自川麦冬的有11份;农肥"壮根灵"38份,占72%。用UPLC-MS方法检测了38份农肥"壮根灵"中6种植物生长延缓剂的含量,均有检出,仅有2份检测量低于10μg·g-1。表明农肥"壮根灵"在根类药材种植中占主流,且农肥"壮根灵"中隐性添加植物生长延缓剂具有普遍性。全部调查区域内使用"壮根灵"类药剂在使用种类、使用数量、使用次数和使用方法等方面呈现严重的盲目和滥用状态,使用后对目标药材部位的产量均有一定的促进作用,增产量在20%~200%,但对于药材质量的影响无论是从研究方面还是产业方面的评价严重缺失。植物生长调节剂已经成为药材种植中除了化肥、杀虫杀菌农药外,又一类值得高度重视的化控物质。

Detection of agent "zhuanggenling" and investigation of utilization of plant growth retardants in traditional Chinese medicine cultivation

Plant growth retardant as one of plant growth regulator can inhibit the cell division, elongation and growth rate in shoot apical meristem (SAM), which can be reversed by gibberellin regulate the product of photosynthesis transfer to the root and rhizome part. As commonly used plant growth retardant, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, chlorocholine chloride, mepiquat chloride, choline chloride and daminozide are used to promote the growth of root and rhizome, call as "zhuanggenling", "pengdasu", "pengdaji" etc. Single or recombination of plant growth regulator is registered as pesticide, and called as pesticide "zhuanggenling" in this paper. Growth regulator which registered as a foliar fertilizer or fertilization was called agricultural fertilizer "zhuanggenling" in this paper. The author investigate the usage of "zhuanggenling" in the root and rhizome of medicinal plants cultivation from 2012 to 2014 in Sichuan province, Huangyuan town, Mianyang (Ophiopogonis Radix); Pengzhou Aoping town (Chuanxiong Rhizoma); Pengshan Xiejia town (Alismatis Rhizoma); Jiangyou Taiping town and Zhangming town (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata); Yunnan Wenshan (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma); Henan province, Wuzhidafeng Town (Rehmanniae Radix, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma); Gansu Min county (Codonopsis Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix); Gansu Li county(Rhei Radix et Rhizoma). The result showed that "zhuanggenling" were applied in the most medicinal plant cultivation except Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. It has been applied widespreadly in Ophiopogonis Radix, Alismatis Rhizoma, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Codonopsis Radix; Rehmanniae Radix,commonly in Angelicae Sinensis Radix application, and occasionally in Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Dioscoreae Rhizoma. In 53 collected sample from plantation areas, fifteen (28%) were pesticide "zhuanggenling", thirty-eight (72%) were pesticide "zhuanggenling". UPLC analysis results showed that 38 farmers fertilizer "zhuanggenling" content of 6 kinds of plant growth retardant. It is regarded that fertilizer "zhuanggenling" was dominant in medicinal plant cultivation, and that the plant growth retardant is added widespreadly in farm fertilizer "zhuanggenling". All evidence proves conclusively that "zhuanggenling" have been used in the proper way, whereas some others have been misused or even abused in the use regarding to type, number, use frequency. The root or rhizoma are increased to 20% -200%. But there is lack of evaluation to appraise the quality of medicinal materials from the aspects of research or industry. "zhuanggenling" has become a important Chemical control material besides fertilizer, insecticidal sterilization of pesticide