Hypermethylation of the p15INK4Bgene in acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes

Objective To detect the methylation pattern of the p15(INK4B)gene and to explore its significance in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia (AL) and leukemic transformation of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Methods A total of 49 AL cases and 22 MDS cases were analyzed by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) for methylation patterns in CpG islands of the p15INK4B]gene. Results Hypermethylation of the p15(INK4B)gene was found in 90% (26/29) of newly diagnosed AL, including 46% with complete methylation and 54% with partial methylation. All 3 evolved AL from MDS and 9 relapsed AL showed a methylated p15INK4B]gene and the proportion of complete methylation was 67% and 56% respectively. Only 5 of 11 (45%) AL in remission, including 2 in complete remission (CR) and 3 in partial remission (PR), were partially methylated. The frequency of p15INK4B]gene methylation in newly diagnosed or relapsed AL was significantly higher than that in AL in the remission stage (P=0.002). p15(INK4B)gene methylation was found in 5 of 13 (38%) low-risk MDS (RA/RAS) patients and 80% of them showed only partial methylation. However, p15(INK4B)gene methylation was found in all 9 cases in the high-risk group (RAEB/RAEB-T), including complete methylation in 56%, significantly different from the low-risk MDS group (P=0.002). Conclusions Hypermethylation of the p15(INK4B)gene occurs frequently in leukemia and high-risk MDS. It is possible that hypermethylation of this gene is related to the pathogenesis and development of AL and MDS. It may be used as a gene marker to detect minimal residual disease, relapse of AL and leukemic transformation in MDS.