Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell response to nano-structured oxidized and turned titanium surfaces

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the topographic features of a novel nano‐structured oxidized titanium implant surface and to evaluate its effect on the response of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSC) compared with a traditional turned surface. Methods: The 10 × 10 × 1 mm turned (control) and oxidized (test) titanium samples (P.H.I. s.r.l.) were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and characterized by height, spatial and hybrid roughness parameters at different dimensional ranges of analysis. Primary cultures of BM‐MSC were seeded on titanium samples and cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin synthesis and extracellular matrix mineralization, were evaluated. Results: At SEM and AFM analyses turned samples were grooved, whereas oxidized surfaces showed a more complex micro‐ and nano‐scaled texture, with higher values of roughness parameters. Cell adhesion and osteogenic parameters were greater on oxidized (P<0.05 at least) vs. turned surfaces, whereas the cell proliferation rate was similar on both samples. Conclusions: Although both control and test samples were in the range of average roughness proper of smooth surfaces, they exhibited significantly different topographic properties in terms of height, spatial and, mostly, of hybrid parameters. This different micro‐ and nano‐structure resulted in an enhanced adhesion and differentiation of cells plated onto the oxidized surfaces.