| Institution: | 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI;2. Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;1. A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia;2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia;3. Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620049, Russia;4. A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia;1. Magle Stora Kyrkogata 9, Lund, Sweden;2. Saint Luke''s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO;3. Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom;4. Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana;5. Institute for Consumer Science and Human Life, Kinjo Gakuin University, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Japan;6. German University for Prevention and Health Care Management, Saarbrücken, Germany;1. Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;2. Mayo Clinic Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;3. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;4. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;1. Catalytic Longevity, Carlsbad, CA;2. Mid-America Heart Institute at Saint Luke’s Hospital, Kansas City, MO;3. Wegmans Pharmacy, Ithaca, NY;4. John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School–The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA;5. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA;6. Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO |
| Abstract: | Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer owing to its metastatic potential and is an important public health concern. The melanoma incidence has been increasing worldwide. Although potentially curable when diagnosed early, metastatic melanoma carries a poor prognosis. Until recently, systemic therapy for metastatic melanoma was ineffective, but the recent successes in the development of new therapies for metastatic melanoma, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitors, anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway blocking antibodies, as well as combination strategies of cytotoxic chemotherapy and inhibitors of angiogenesis, have all yielded promising results, changing the continually evolving landscape of therapeutic options for patients with this disease. The aim of this review was to summarize the evolution of and recent advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive PubMed search between January 1, 1960, and February 1, 2014, using the search term melanoma or metastatic melanoma combined with terms such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, adoptive T cell, targeted therapy, MAPK, molecular biology, and survival. |
