Lead Poisoning Among Arab American and African American Children in the Detroit Metropolitan Area,Michigan |
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Authors: | Jerome Nriagu Raghavendra Senthamarai-Kannan Hikmet Jamil Monty Fakhori Summer Korponic |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;(2) Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;(3) Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;(4) Arab Chaldean Council, Southfield, Lathrup Village, MI 48076, USA;(5) Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA |
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Abstract: | This study explored the hypothesis that acculturation is a risk factor for childhood lead poisoning in the Detroit area of
Michigan. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were determined in 429 Arab American and African American children, aged 6 months to 15 years,
who were receiving well-child examination in three Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) clinics in the city. Mean BLL was 3.8 ± 2.3 μg/dL
(range: 1–18 μg/dL) and 3.3% of the children tested had blood lead values above the 10 μg/dL level of concern. Neither the
age of the dwelling units nor ethnicity of the child was significantly associated with the BLL. Multivariable analyses instead
identified a number of acculturation-related factors that are associated with elevation in blood lead including paternal education,
language spoken at home (English only, English and Arabic, or Arabic only), home ownership, smoking in the home, and exposure
of child to home health remedies. The difference in blood lead between Arab American children from families where Arabic only
versus Arabic and English is spoken at home was found to be statistically significant. This study provides information showing
that immigrant children are at heightened risk of being poisoned by lead which can be useful in identifying groups at risk
of atypical exposures. |
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