No increase in rejection or graft loss in kidney transplant recipients with thrombophilia treated with anticoagulation and triple immunosuppression

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies from Europe have demonstrated that patients with end-stage renal disease who receive a kidney transplant are at an increased risk for rejection and graft loss when compared with patients who have no known thrombophilia. The role of anticoagulation has not been investigated in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively tested patients who were evaluated for a kidney transplant for 8 thrombophilias, protein S and C deficiencies, factor V Leiden mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant, prothrombin gene mutation, and heparin-induced platelet antibody (HIPA). Patients with any identified thrombophilia received heparin or argatroban (for HIPA (+) patients) followed by coumadin for 1 year after transplantation. Triple therapy included cyclosporine, prednisone, and CellCept (Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NJ, USA). Sensitized, black, or repeat transplantation patients received induction with an interleukin (IL)-2 inhibitor. Data were collected in a retrospective manner. Rejection was biopsy-proven. RESULTS: Of the 112 transplant recipients who were tested for thrombophilia, 37 had 1 or more thrombophilia and 75 had no thrombophilia identified. Twenty-six patients received heparin and 11 received argatroban. There were no differences in recipient age, cold storage time, graft loss, HLA match, rejection episodes, 1-year graft survival, or serum creatinine level at 1 year. Significant differences were noted in posttransplantation bleeding, 35% versus 5%, and delayed graft function, 32% versus 15%, in patients with thrombophilia versus no thrombophilia, respectively. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate that there is no increase in rejection or graft loss in kidney transplant recipients with thrombophilia when treated with anticoagulation and triple immunosuppression.