北京地区三种新型毒品流行滥用特征

目的:了解北京地区发生流行性滥用的主要"新型毒品"的滥用现状、滥用特征和对个体身心及社会的危害。方法:自拟调查问卷对北京市公安局强制戒毒所2007年8月-2008年3月收治的主要吸食"冰毒"(MA)、"摇头丸"(MDMA)、氯胺酮(ketamine)的人员进行调查。结果:共调查"新型毒品"滥用人员268名,其中滥用毒品种类以MA为主139例(51.9%),以MDMA为主62例(23.1%),以氯胺酮为主67例(25.0%);被调查对象的年龄29.2±s6.3 a(最小年龄19 a,最大年龄50 a)。滥用者的职业涉及多种行业,以私营/个体劳动者(37.5%)和无业者(32.2%)为主。三种"新型毒品"滥用方式和滥用场所的特征是:"冰毒"滥用场所以家中(59.7%)为主,主要滥用方式为烫吸(98.6%);"摇头丸"滥用场所主要集中在歌舞厅(66.1%),滥用方式以口服为主(96.8%);氯胺酮滥用场所以歌舞厅为主(55.2%),滥用方式以鼻吸为主(91.0%)。滥用毒品的种类除以上述三种"新型毒品"为主外,该群体中的部分人还有"麻谷"、可卡因、大麻和海洛因滥用行为/经历。该群体95.5%在停止使用后出现不同程度、不同表现的戒断症状/体征,59.0%出现过主动或强迫性寻找和服用"新型毒品"的行为。268例"新型毒品"滥用者滥用"新型毒品"后均出现了涉及重要生命器官和精神系统不同程度的中毒症状/体征,使用"新型毒品"后体重平均减轻12.57 kg±s9.25 kg,有4.5%的滥用者发生急性中毒。有27.3%发生与使用"新型毒品"有关的冲动行为、易激惹及打架、吵架等行为,63.6%发生过使用"新型毒品"有关的性冲动,4.9%发生性暴力行为。结论:北京地区"新型毒品"滥用及其产生的健康和社会后果严重,滥用后可产生中度至次重度躯体依赖和精神依赖,精神依赖性强度强于躯体依赖性。由于其特殊的药理/毒理学作用,滥用后不仅损害了个体健康,也给社会治安带来了严重的隐患。目前北京地区正面临着继海洛因之后多种"新型毒品"流行滥用的威胁。

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE NEW DRUGS ABUSE IN BEIJING

Objective:To explore the general situation,characteristics and individual health and social consequences induced by "new drug" abuse in Beijing area.Methods: The investigation was carried out on "new drug" abusers with a self-designed questionnaire in a compulsory drug treatment center from August 2007 to March 2008.Results:Among the 268 subjects investigated,139(51.9%),62(23.1%) and 67(25.0%) cases mainly abused methamphetamine(MA,Ice),MDMA(Yaotouwan) and ketamine,respectively.The age of the subjects was 29.2 a±s 6.3 a(age range:19-50 a).Most of the subjects were self-employed(37.5%) and unemployed(32.2%).The administration routes of the three "new drugs" were different.MA was used at home(59.7%)by chasing dragon(98.6%),MDMA in Disco hall(66.1%) by oral mixed with soft drink(96.8%) and ketamine in Disco hall(55.2%) by snorting(91.0%).Besides the three "new drugs" the abuse of other drugs such as cocaine,cannabis and heroin was observed.The majority(95.5%) of "new drug" abusers had various withdrawal syndromes after withdrawal.59.0% abusers had experience of craving for the "new drug".The euphoria for MDMA was the highest,followed by ketamine and for MA was the lowest.All of "new drug" abusers produced intoxication symptoms which involved both physical and psychological disorders.Body weight loss associated with "new drug" abuse was 12.57 kg±s 9.25 kg.About 4.5% abusers encountered acute intoxication and 27.3% of them showed violent behavior.63.6% abusers had sexual impulse and 4.9% abusers had sexual violence associated with "new drug" use.Conclusion: The situation of "new drug" abuse was serious in Beijing and the related harm was severe and of muti-dimension."New drug" abuse produce physical dependence and psychological dependence.The abuse not only injures the individual health,but also causes social problems.The findings indicate that Beijing area will face the threatening of "new drug" abuse following heroin.