苍耳子药理作用及毒性研究进展

苍耳子是历代治疗鼻渊及头痛的要药之一。临床常用于治疗风湿性关节炎、慢性鼻炎、急性鼻炎、过敏性鼻炎、皮肤病等与免疫异常相关的疾病,具有较高的药用价值。现代药理学研究显示苍耳子有广泛的药理作用,但由于长期或过量服用,药材炮制不当等原因,导致毒性反应情况时有发生。毒理学研究表明苍耳子中毒可引起肝脏、心脏和肾脏等实质性脏器损伤,尤其是对肝脏损伤严重。该文通过系统地查阅和整理国内外关于苍耳子研究的相关文献,对苍耳子的药理作用、毒性物质、肝毒性机制等进行综述。总结出苍耳子具有降血压、抗过敏、抑菌、抗炎、镇痛、抗肿瘤和降血脂等药理作用。毒性成分主要为苍术苷、羧基苍术苷和4’-去磺基苍术苷。苍耳子导致肝脏毒性机制与脂质过氧化损伤、胆汁淤积及肝细胞能量代谢机理密切相关。与此同时,肝毒性新型生物标志物的发现,如miRNA-122,也为医药学提供新的研究手段。毒性类中药是中药的重要组成部分,配伍或炮制后入药可以降低或消除毒性并保存或增加疗效。目前为止,关于苍耳子炮制减毒原理研究报道较少,笔者建议要进一步加强苍耳子炮制减毒原理研究,充分发挥苍耳子特有疗效,开发其更大的药用价值。

Pharmacological Effect and Toxicity of Xanthii Fructus

Xanthii Fructus (XF) is one of important drugs for the treatment of sinusitis and headache.It is commonly used in the treatment of diseases relating to immune abnormalities,such as rheumatoid arthritis,acute and chronic rhinitis,allergic rhinitis,and skin diseases,with a high medicinal value.Modern pharmacological studies have showed a wide range of pharmacological effect and a high medicinal value in XF.However,due to long-term or excessive intake,and improper processing of medicinal materials,toxic reactions have often occurred.Toxicological studies have shown that XF poisoning can cause substantial damage to organs,such as the liver,heart and kidney,especially to liver.This paper reviews the pharmacological action,toxic substances and hepatotoxicity mechanism of XF by systematically reviewing and summarizing relevant literatures on XF both at home and abroad.It is concluded that XF has anti-hypertension,anti-allergic,anti-bacterial,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,anti-tumor and lipid-decreasing effects.The toxic components are mainly atractyloside,carboxy atractyloside and 4''-desulphate-atractyloside.The mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by XF is closely related to lipid peroxidation,bile cholestasis and hepatocyte energy metabolism.Meanwhile,the discovery of novel biomarkers of hepatotoxicity,such as miRNA-122,also provides new ideals for medical research.Toxic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important part of TCM.Compatibility or processing can reduce or eliminate toxicity and preserve or increase efficacy.At present,there are few reports on the principle of attenuating the production of XF.The author suggests further strengthening the study on the principle of attenuation of XF,giving full play to the unique curative effect of XF and developing its greater medicinal value.