四种禾本科农作物的废弃物化学成分及药理作用

禾本科农作物占据了世界粮食作物的主要比重,小麦、水稻和玉米占世界粮食作物的80%以上。由此产生的农作物废弃物不仅给环境带来了巨大的压力,而且非有效的开发手段造成了巨大的资源浪费。现阶段对农作物废弃物研究主要集中在能源化、肥料化、饲料化、材料化这四方面,但仍然有大量资源未得到合理利用。笔者通过大量文献查阅发现,近年来对禾本科农作物废弃物的药用研究主要集中于水稻、玉米、小麦和甘蔗四个品种,对它们的废弃物米糠、稻壳、稻秆、玉米须、玉米苞叶、麦麸、甘蔗叶、甘蔗皮等开展了药用研究,从中分离鉴定出的化合物有苯丙素类、黄酮类、甾体及其苷类、有机酸及其酯类、挥发性化合物、糖类等。药理研究表明禾本科农作物废弃物具有抗氧化、降血脂、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗心血管疾病、抗肝肾损伤等药效活性。现对这四种主要的禾本科农作物废弃物的化学成分和药理作用研究进行综述,以期为该类物质的进一步研究和开发利用提供参考。

Chemical Constituents of Agricultural Residues Producing from 4 Kinds of Gramineous Crops and Their Pharmacological Effects

Gramineous crops occupy a remarkable proportion of grain crops in the word,and wheat,rice and corn account for more than 80%of the world''s food crops. Agricultural residues bring tremendous pressure on the environment,and inefficient development of resources has caused huge waste of resources. At present,the research on agricultural residues mainly focuses on energy,fertilizer,feed and materialization. However, there are still a lot of resources that have not been rationally utilized. The author has found that in recent years,the medicinal research on gramineous crop waste has focused on four varieties-rice,corn,wheat and sugar cane,and their waste rice bran,rice husk,rice straw,corn stigma,corn bract,wheat bran,sugar cane leaf,sugar cane skin. The compounds isolated and identified from agricultural residues include phenylpropanoids,flavonoids,steroids and their glycosides,organic acids and their esters,volatile oil and saccharides. Studies have shown that agricultural residues from gramineous crops have pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation,hypolipidemia,hypoglycemia,anti-inflammation,anti-tumor,anti-cardiovascular disease,anti-liver and kidney damage. This paper is a systematic review of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of agricultural residues from the major gramineous crops,so as to provide useful information for further research and development of agricultural residues.