骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体在骨质疏松中的研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的发病与骨代谢平衡的破坏有关,骨吸收作用增强,骨形成作用不足,骨稳态发生改变,均会引起骨质疏松。成骨不足与骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell,BMSC)分化方向密切相关。BMSC向成骨分化方向减少、成脂分化增多是骨质疏松症发病的重要机制,因此,寻找决定BMSC分化方向的关键因子为OP的研究和治疗提供了新思路。外泌体是由细胞分泌到胞外的膜性囊泡,富含不同种类的核酸、蛋白质、脂质和信号分子等多种生物学活性物质,参与调节和完成细胞间的信息交流与传递,影响胞内信号转导发挥生物学功能。研究表明, BMSC来源的外泌体可有效改善骨质疏松症状,促进BMSC增殖、成骨分化及骨再生。本文对BMSC来源的外泌体应用于OP的研究进展进行综述,旨在为今后的研究提供参考和思路。

Research progress of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporosis

The incidence of osteoporosis (OP) is related to the destruction of the balance of bone metabolism. Enhancing bone resorption, bone formation insufficient, as well as the bone homeostasis alternation, all of these will cause OP. Osteogenic deficiency has a close relationship with the differentiation direction of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC). Decreased osteogenic differentiation and increased adipogenic differentiation of BMSC are important mechanisms of the pathogenesis of OP. Therefore, seeking the key factor that determines the differentiation direction of BMSC provides new strategies for the research and treatment of OP. Exosomes are membranous vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space. They are rich in different kinds of biologically active substances, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and signal molecules, participating in regulating and completing the exchange and transmission of information among cells, as well as influencing intracellular signal transduction. Studies indicate that BMSC-derived exosomes can effectively relief the symptoms of OP, promote BMSC proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and bone regeneration. This article reviews the research progress of BMSC-derived exosomes in OP.