Sex steroid hormones in natural populations of a sexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus inornatus, a direct evolutionary ancestor of a unisexual parthenogen |
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| Authors: | M C Moore D Crews |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA;2. Institute of Reproductive Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 USA;1. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, Argentina;2. Cátedra de Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 64 s/n (entre diag. 113 y calle 120), 1900 La Plata, Argentina;3. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina;4. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avda. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina;5. The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA;1. Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China;2. College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010022, China;3. Alligator Research Center of Anhui Province, Xuanzhou 242000, China;1. Institute of Forensic Sciences Luis Concheiro, Genomics Medicine Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain;2. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Genomics Medicine Group, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain;3. Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 001684, Italy;4. Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Departamento de Sevilla, Spain;5. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;1. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Herpetologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, ZIP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, ZIP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;1. Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France;2. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic;3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA;4. Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, PL-60-625 Poznan, Poland |
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| Abstract: | The lizard genus Cnemidophorus consists of both sexual species and unisexual, all-female species. We characterized changes in circulating levels of gonadal sex steroid hormones in males and females in one of the sexual species, C. inornatus, to compare them to previously measured levels in a unisexual, parthenogenetic species, C. uniparens. Reproductively active male C. inornatus have high levels of dihydrotestosterone and somewhat lower levels of testosterone. These levels are highest immediately after females become sexually receptive and decrease later at the onset of testicular regression. Female C. inornatus have high levels of estradiol and low levels of progesterone during the previtellogenic and vitellogenic phases of the ovarian cycle. During the postovulatory phase, they have low levels of estradiol and high levels of progesterone. We could not detect circulating levels of androgen at any phase of the ovarian cycle. The patterns of hormone secretion in the female C. inornatus are virtually identical to those of its direct evolutionary descendant, C. uniparens. This confirms our previous conclusion that the evolution of the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction and expression of male-like pseudosexual behavior that are characteristic of the unisexual C. uniparens has not been accomplished by evolutionary modifications in the pattern of sex steroid hormone secretion. Rather it is the response to this pattern of secretion that has been modified. |
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