Dietary Approaches and Health Outcomes: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;2. 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital, Timi?oara, Romania;4. 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;5. Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;6. Department of Microscopic Morphology, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;7. Discipline of Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;8. 1st Department of Pediatrics, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;9. Department of Cardiology, Victor Babe? University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timi?oara, Romania;1. Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, Omaha, NE;2. Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT;3. Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR;4. Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA;1. Graduate Program in Collective Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;2. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;3. School of Public Health, University of Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile;4. Brazilian Institute for Consumer Defense, São Paulo, Brazil;5. Center for Food Studies and Research, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;6. Center for Epidemiological Studies in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Appropriate diet can prevent, manage, or reverse noncommunicable health conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Consequently, the public’s interest in diet and nutrition has fueled the multi-billion-dollar weight loss industry and elevated its standing on social media and the internet. Although many dietary approaches are popular, their universal effectiveness and risks across overall populations are not clear. The objective of this scoping review was to identify and characterize systematic reviews (SRs) examining diet or fasting (intermittent energy restriction IER]) interventions among adults who are healthy or may have chronic disease. An in-depth literature search of six databases was conducted for SRs published between January 2010 and February 2020. A total of 22,385 SRs were retrieved, and 1,017 full-text articles were screened for eligibility. Of these, 92 SRs met inclusion criteria. Covered diets were organized into 12 categories: high/restricted carbohydrate (n = 30), Mediterranean, Nordic, and Tibetan (n = 19), restricted or modified fat (n = 17), various vegetarian diets (n = 16), glycemic index (n = 13), high protein (n = 12), IER (n = 11), meal replacements (n = 11), paleolithic (n = 8), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypretension (DASH; n = 6), Atkins, South Beach, and Zone (n = 5), and eight other brand diets (n = 4). Intermediate outcomes, such as body weight or composition and cardiometabolic, were commonly reported. Abundant evidence was found exploring dietary approaches in the general population. However, heterogeneity of diet definitions, focus on single macronutrients, and infrequent macronutrient subanalyses were observed. Based on this scoping review, the Evidence Analysis Center prioritized the need to collate evidence related to macronutrient modification, specifically restricted carbohydrate diets. |
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