Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Mortality Risk in Women: The California Teachers Study |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health in the School of Medicine at University of California San Diego, La Jolla;2. School of Public Health at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;3. Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA;4. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla;5. Moores Cancer Center at University of California San Diego, La Jolla;6. School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;7. Departments of Medicine and Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla;8. diversity and community partnerships, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla;9. Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla;1. Think Healthy Group, Inc;2. Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Washington, DC;3. Wuqu’ Kawoq/Maya Health Alliance;4. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Tecpán, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Central America;5. Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center;6. Nutrition Research Network, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Albuquerque;7. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL;8. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Wuqu’ Kawoq/Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Central America;9. Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN;1. CONACYT—Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico;2. Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico;3. Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;4. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México;5. CONACyT—Population Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;1. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;2. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;3. Department of Psychiatry, UCLA-Kern Psychiatry Residency Program, Kern Medical, CA;4. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and mortality risk is conflicting, and associations between various SSB subtypes and mortality remain unclear.ObjectiveTo examine the association between baseline SSB intake, subtypes of SSB intake, and mortality risk in women.DesignProspective cohort study.Participants/settingParticipants of the California Teachers Study (n = 100,314; median age = 53 years) free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline (1995-1996) were followed from 1995 to 2015. Baseline SSB intake was defined as caloric soft drinks (regular soft drinks, not diet soda), sweetened bottled waters or teas, and fruit drinks; and was derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire.Main outcome measureMortality was ascertained via annual linkage with state- and nationwide mortality records and the National Death Index over 20 years.Statistical analysisMultivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to generate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for assessing associations between SSB intake and mortality. Rare/never consumers were the comparator group.ResultsThere were a total of 14,143 deaths over 20 years (30.5% from cardiovascular disease; 29.2% from cancer). In women who consumed ≥ 7 servings/week of SSBs at baseline (4% of participants), the multivariable-adjusted HRs were not significant for all-cause, cardiovascular disease-specific, or cancer-specific mortality. Consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of baseline caloric soft drink was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.46; P for trend = 0.02) and cancer-specific (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; P for trend = 0.08) mortality. In secondary analyses, consuming ≥ 1.5 c/day of baseline SSBs was associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24; P for trend = 0.01).ConclusionsAlthough the baseline frequency of total SSB intake was not significantly associated with mortality, consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of caloric soft drinks was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Findings support public health efforts to reduce caloric soft drink consumption. |
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| Keywords: | Sugar-sweetened beverage Caloric soft drink Sugary drink Mortality Death |
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